Mr Trump Goes to Poland

Mr Trump Goes to Poland July 8, 2017

170127-D-GY869-006_(31749258923)_optThe piece below engendered strong, thoughtful reactions and so became the starting point of a mini-symposium: I wrote on the President of the United States speech in Poland. A good friend, Christian, and academic dissented from my perspective. Now we hear from another friend and academic who is a Trump voter who dissents from my perspective from another point of view!

My original piece:

The time has come to calmly measure the policies of our President. He has become so polarizing that on any event, my social media feed is filled with unctuousness or bitterness.

There is an inability to reason and that is dangerous to a Republic.

The President of the United States gave the most important foreign policy speech of his presidency to date in Poland.  The President was greeted with enthusiasm in one of the larger nations where secularism is not the default position of the entire establishment. The speech has been criticized as an alt-Right, even neo-Fascist production. Other people normally critical of the President have defended the speech against critics some with high praise.

The speech is straightforward but needs to be read in light of Bannonism in the White House. Bannonism is the belief that liberalism or secularism must be defeated by any means and is antithetical to Christian political thought. Bannon has been willing to work with unsavory parties in Eastern Europe in the past by his own admission. A speech in Poland, which has had its own troubles with ethnonationalism, is a cause for particular caution in reading the text.

However, President Trump is not merely a creature of Bannonism. Anyone who thinks former Exon chair Rex Tillerson takes marching orders from Steve Bannon knows nothing about Texas oil culture and the kind of man who rises to the top. Tillerson is nobody’s puppet and is, by all accounts, a mainstream Republican. Trump’s inaugural address was before his hiring of many center-right Republicans, so simply reading this speech as an extension of that work is also simplistic.

Let me be plain: Delenda est Bannonism, but did Trump fall into Bannonism in Warsaw or have his critics become so unhinged that they have made the worst of a sound speech that could have been given by Reagan? Let’s look and try to define terms in the context of the speech.

Thank you very much. That’s so nice. The United States has many great diplomats, but there is truly no better ambassador for our country than our beautiful First Lady, Melania. Thank you, Melania. That was very nice.

We’ve come to your nation to deliver a very important message: America loves Poland, and America loves the Polish people.

The Poles have not only greatly enriched this region, but Polish-Americans have also greatly enriched the United States, and I was truly proud to have their support in the 2016 election.

It is a profound honor to stand in this city, by this monument to the Warsaw Uprising, and to address the Polish nation that so many generations have dreamed of: a Poland that is safe, strong, and free.

President Duda and your wonderful First Lady, Agata, have welcomed us with the tremendous warmth and kindness for which Poland is known around the world. Thank you. My sincere — and I mean sincerely thank both of them. And to Prime Minister Szydlo a very special thanks also.

We are also pleased that former President Lech Walesa, so famous for leading the Solidarity Movement, has joined us today, also. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

First, the reference to the Warsaw Uprising at the start of the speech strikes me as significant. Mentioning the brave Jewish resistance to Naziism is not alt-Right boilerplate. Mentioning former President Walesa places the speech in the context of the liberation of Poland from communist (Russian!) rule.

On behalf of all Americans, let me also thank the entire Polish people for the generosity you have shown in welcoming our soldiers to your country. These soldiers are not only brave defenders of freedom, but also symbols of America’s commitment to your security and your place in a strong and democratic Europe.

We are proudly joined on stage by American, Polish, British, and Romanian soldiers. Thank you. Thank you. Great job.

President Duda and I have just come from an incredibly successful meeting with the leaders participating in the Three Seas Initiative. To the citizens of this great region, America is eager to expand our partnership with you. We welcome stronger ties of trade and commerce as you grow your economies. And we are committed to securing your access to alternate sources of energy, so Poland and its neighbors are never again held hostage to a single supplier of energy.

Mr. President, I congratulate you, along with the President of Croatia, on your leadership of this historic Three Seas Initiative. Thank you.

This ties Poland to the broader European, even NATO, alliance. Again, this is boilerplate American President Speak: bloviating. However, the multinational nature of the armed forces is the opposite of an ethno-nationalist dog whistle. The energy references are a direct slap at Russia which has used dominance in energy to bully smaller nations.

This is my first visit to Central Europe as President, and I am thrilled that it could be right here at this magnificent, beautiful piece of land. It is beautiful. Poland is the geographic heart of Europe, but more importantly, in the Polish people, we see the soul of Europe. Your nation is great because your spirit is great and your spirit is strong.

For two centuries, Poland suffered constant and brutal attacks. But while Poland could be invaded and occupied, and its borders even erased from the map, it could never be erased from history or from your hearts. In those dark days, you have lost your land but you never lost your pride.

So it is with true admiration that I can say today, that from the farms and villages of your countryside to the cathedrals and squares of your great cities, Poland lives, Poland prospers, and Poland prevails.

Despite every effort to transform you, oppress you, or destroy you, you endured and overcame. You are the proud nation of Copernicus — think of that — Chopin, Saint John Paul II. Poland is a land of great heroes. And you are a people who know the true value of what you defend.

The triumph of the Polish spirit over centuries of hardship gives us all hope for a future in which good conquers evil, and peace achieves victory over war.

The partitions of Poland were an evil done by many nations, but Russia got the big prize: Warsaw. Poland has also struggled to be recognized as part of Europe and not on the fringe. For the President to put Poland, bleeding, conquered Poland, at the heart of Europe is new and important.

For Americans, Poland has been a symbol of hope since the beginning of our nation. Polish heroes and American patriots fought side by side in our War of Independence and in many wars that followed. Our soldiers still serve together today in Afghanistan and Iraq, combating the enemies of all civilization.

For America’s part, we have never given up on freedom and independence as the right and destiny of the Polish people, and we never, ever will.

Our two countries share a special bond forged by unique histories and national characters. It’s a fellowship that exists only among people who have fought and bled and died for freedom.

The signs of this friendship stand in our nation’s capital. Just steps from the White House, we’ve raised statues of men with names like Pułaski and Kościuszko. The same is true in Warsaw, where street signs carry the name of George Washington, and a monument stands to one of the world’s greatest heroes, Ronald Reagan.

And so I am here today not just to visit an old ally, but to hold it up as an example for others who seek freedom and who wish to summon the courage and the will to defend our civilization. The story of Poland is the story of a people who have never lost hope, who have never been broken, and who have never, ever forgotten who they are.

This is a nation more than one thousand years old. Your borders were erased for more than a century and only restored just one century ago.

Again, this part of the address could have been delivered by Ronald Reagan, but that someone said it in Poland is important. Poland has a just complaint of being forgotten: the Allies went to War against Hitler over Poland only to end the War leaving Poland suffering under Stalin.

In 1920, in the Miracle of Vistula, Poland stopped the Soviet army bent on European conquest. Then, 19 years later in 1939, you were invaded yet again, this time by Nazi Germany from the west and the Soviet Union from the east. That’s trouble. That’s tough.

This set of historical truths is tough medicine for the Russian nation. I have seen many monuments in Russia that pretend the War started in 1941 and ignore the betrayal of the Polish people by Stalin. Hitler and Stalin were war allies before they were deadly foes. Second, the fact that Poland kept the Soviets out of Europe in 1920 is little known in the United States. Poland stood in the gap when the monsters in Moscow tried to expand their bloody revolution.

This is an important reminder and yet another twist against Putin and his revisionist history of the Soviet Union.

Under a double occupation the Polish people endured evils beyond description: the Katyn forest massacre, the occupations, the Holocaust, the Warsaw Ghetto and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the destruction of this beautiful capital city, and the deaths of nearly one in five Polish people. A vibrant Jewish population — the largest in Europe — was reduced to almost nothing after the Nazis systematically murdered millions of Poland’s Jewish citizens, along with countless others, during that brutal occupation.

Again, the alt-Right and neo-fascist parties in Europe wish to deny this history. The President is affirming what was done to the Jewish people at the very start of his speech. This text, if not the entire administration, must be read with this acknowledgment of the evils of anti-Semite Germany, blood and soil nationalism,  in mind.

In the summer of 1944, the Nazi and Soviet armies were preparing for a terrible and bloody battle right here in Warsaw. Amid that hell on earth, the citizens of Poland rose up to defend their homeland. I am deeply honored to be joined on stage today by veterans and heroes of the Warsaw Uprising.

What great spirit. We salute your noble sacrifice and we pledge to always remember your fight for Poland and for freedom. Thank you. Thank you.

This monument reminds us that more than 150,000 Poles died during that desperate struggle to overthrow oppression.

From the other side of the river, the Soviet armed forces stopped and waited. They watched as the Nazis ruthlessly destroyed the city, viciously murdering men, women, and children. They tried to destroy this nation forever by shattering its will to survive.

But there is a courage and a strength deep in the Polish character that no one could destroy. The Polish martyr, Bishop Michael Kozal, said it well: “More horrifying than a defeat of arms is a collapse of the human spirit.”

Through four decades of communist rule, Poland and the other captive nations of Europe endured a brutal campaign to demolish freedom, your faith, your laws, your history, your identity — indeed the very essence of your culture and your humanity. Yet, through it all, you never lost that spirit. Your oppressors tried to break you, but Poland could not be broken.

The Polish people rose up to defy the Nazis and the Communists let the Nazis murder them so they would have an easier time dominating the nation. This is another reference to history that Mr. Putin will not be happy to see brought to global attention. At this point, the President has delivered one of the strongest takedowns of imperialist Russian/Soviet power ever given by an American leader. This is unsparing.

And when the day came on June 2nd, 1979, and one million Poles gathered around Victory Square for their very first mass with their Polish Pope, that day, every communist in Warsaw must have known that their oppressive system would soon come crashing down. They must have known it at the exact moment during Pope John Paul II’s sermon when a million Polish men, women, and children suddenly raised their voices in a single prayer. A million Polish people did not ask for wealth. They did not ask for privilege. Instead, one million Poles sang three simple words: “We Want God.”

In those words, the Polish people recalled the promise of a better future. They found new courage to face down their oppressors, and they found the words to declare that Poland would be Poland once again.

As I stand here today before this incredible crowd, this faithful nation, we can still hear those voices that echo through history. Their message is as true today as ever. The people of Poland, the people of America, and the people of Europe still cry out “We want God.”

Together, with Pope John Paul II, the Poles reasserted their identity as a nation devoted to God. And with that powerful declaration of who you are, you came to understand what to do and how to live. You stood in solidarity against oppression, against a lawless secret police, against a cruel and wicked system that impoverished your cities and your souls. And you won. Poland prevailed. Poland will always prevail.

My students under the age of thirty have never been told of enforced atheism in nations like Poland. They do not know that merely believing in God kept people from jobs and education. We have nearly forgotten the evils of enforced secularism and the President was right to remind us all of that part of history.

A person does not have to drop, should not be forced to drop, their religious convictions to join a government. There is no “neutral” or “scientific” way to govern: only philosophical or religiously informed ideas that people adopt.

You were supported in that victory over communism by a strong alliance of free nations in the West that defied tyranny. Now, among the most committed members of the NATO Alliance, Poland has resumed its place as a leading nation of a Europe that is strong, whole, and free.

A strong Poland is a blessing to the nations of Europe, and they know that. A strong Europe is a blessing to the West and to the world. One hundred years after the entry of American forces into World War I, the transatlantic bond between the United States and Europe is as strong as ever and maybe, in many ways, even stronger.

Like every President since World War II, President Trump reaffirms his faith in NATO. He has, however, introduced a new term that must give pause: “the West.”

All my life I have thought about “the West,” taught Western literature, and spoken jocularly of “saving the West.” What did I mean? What do conservatives mean when they say this?

The West is any place or person that is part of the complex inheritance of the fusion of Jewish, Christian, Greek, and Roman culture. This fusion produced the Scientific Revolution, much of international law, and the Industrial Revolution. For good, and often for bad, the ideas of those nations that first were part of the fusion have become globally dominant. The West most often needs saving from the West . . . Western nations often have misused the power that innovation gave them. Still, the West is not a race or ethnicity. Whatever once was true, the West is no longer a geography. Many students in India embrace Western values, as part of the world’s largest democracy, more than Anglo students here in Houston!

As a set of ideas formed from different sources (and even religions), one does not need to buy the whole package to be Western. Christianity overwhelmingly shaped Western values, but one need not be a Christian. Europe as one of the first crucibles to form the West, but long ago Western values escape that constraint. I met stronger defenses of the West and Western literature in Mongolia than in Italy!

However, in the hands of the alt-Right, the West is a geography and is associated with being European (“white”). For these wicked people saving the West does not mean making sure Shakespeare can be performed (!) and Locke’s ideas digested, but that white people need their own ethnic enclaves.

What does the President mean by the West? In the context of this speech, it seems obvious so far he means the broader concept. Great civilizations exist that are not Western, and we can learn much from them, but still Western ideas are and will remain of primary importance. The economy of the globe, rapidly stamping out extreme poverty, is driven by Western concepts in the hand of men and women of every nation, race, tribe, and people.

Daesh and radical Islamic terrorists are (after all!) proudly opposed to Western values. My guess is that the Turkish government, while it might ally itself with Western nations, has decided to move away from Western values.

The greatest danger to the West is the west! Our vices, present and historical, are mightier than Daesh by far. A great speech would acknowledge this, but this is not a great speech.

I see no Bannonism here without stretching the text beyond reasonable limits.

This continent no longer confronts the specter of communism. But today we’re in the West, and we have to say there are dire threats to our security and to our way of life. You see what’s happening out there. They are threats. We will confront them. We will win. But they are threats.

We are confronted by another oppressive ideology — one that seeks to export terrorism and extremism all around the globe. America and Europe have suffered one terror attack after another. We’re going to get it to stop.

The ideology of radical Islam is incompatible with Western values and also with non-Western values that Western people can celebrate. The Christian or Muslim businessman in Damascus who uses his mobile to do deals on three continents can be part of the West or at least be an ally. The warriors of Daesh try to reject Western values and other values that can ally or work in harmony with Western values.

During a historic gathering in Saudi Arabia, I called on the leaders of more than 50 Muslim nations to join together to drive out this menace which threatens all of humanity. We must stand united against these shared enemies to strip them of their territory and their funding, and their networks, and any form of ideological support that they may have. While we will always welcome new citizens who share our values and love our people, our borders will always be closed to terrorism and extremism of any kind.

We are fighting hard against radical Islamic terrorism, and we will prevail. We cannot accept those who reject our values and who use hatred to justify violence against the innocent.

These two paragraphs are opposed to radical Islamic terrorism but explicitly opposed to “blood and soil” (alt-Right) views of nationalism. You can come, whatever your origins, if you accept Western values or at least “love our people.” We can admit allies, but not enemies. I do not agree with the President’s immigration policy, but this is the opposite of the West as a “folk.” The President is opening our borders to anyone who shares Western values, not just those who are born Polish, French, or English. 

Today, the West is also confronted by the powers that seek to test our will, undermine our confidence, and challenge our interests. To meet new forms of aggression, including propaganda, financial crimes, and cyberwarfare, we must adapt our alliance to compete effectively in new ways and on all new battlefields.

We urge Russia to cease its destabilizing activities in Ukraine and elsewhere, and its support for hostile regimes — including Syria and Iran — and to instead join the community of responsible nations in our fight against common enemies and in defense of civilization itself.

This is a direct assault on Russia again. Again, this is an odd move if the point is racialism. The only bad players identified so far have been somewhat white, somewhat Christian, Russian and radical Islamic terrorists.

Finally, on both sides of the Atlantic, our citizens are confronted by yet another danger — one firmly within our control. This danger is invisible to some but familiar to the Poles: the steady creep of government bureaucracy that drains the vitality and wealth of the people. The West became great not because of paperwork and regulations but because people were allowed to chase their dreams and pursue their destinies.

This is a standard conservative view that the ideas that made the scientific, industrial and democratic revolutions possible were liberty. One can (of course!) disagree, but this is a mainstream Republican thing to say.

Americans, Poles, and the nations of Europe value individual freedom and sovereignty. We must work together to confront forces, whether they come from inside or out, from the South or the East, that threaten over time to undermine these values and to erase the bonds of culture, faith and tradition that make us who we are. If left unchecked, these forces will undermine our courage, sap our spirit, and weaken our will to defend ourselves and our societies.

This is an ambiguous and problematic paragraph. In context, it reads as another assault on radical Islam (the South) and Russia (the East). Mentioning “inside” forces means that the problem is not just some “outside agitator” and is an important caveat. However, taken out of context, this is the first paragraph that starts to sound as if only people who buy the whole package (culture, faith, and tradition) can be part of our nation-states. This seems wrong. An atheist in America can be a person of the West in other ways, despite rejecting our Christian traditions. In a nation like Poland (or France) where too often being Polish (or French) is an ethnicity, this paragraph is uncareful and potentially dangerous.

Can a Muslim be a Pole? They can be Western, but a Pole? Is there a place in this world for an ethnic enclave? Can Israel be a Jewish state? Can Poland decide to be a Catholic nation?

These are dangerous questions that the President has brushed off too quickly. Still, Poland experienced secularism and imposing that set of ideas did not lead to liberty. As the Supreme Court recently reminded us (7-2!), secularists are not privileged over theists in America! A nation can use values derived from religion to determine laws, right and wrong. To pretend there is some neutral way of doing so (“science”) is absurd.

But just as our adversaries and enemies of the past learned here in Poland, we know that these forces, too, are doomed to fail if we want them to fail. And we do, indeed, want them to fail. (Applause.) They are doomed not only because our alliance is strong, our countries are resilient, and our power is unmatched. Through all of that, you have to say everything is true. Our adversaries, however, are doomed because we will never forget who we are. And if we don’t forget who are, we just can’t be beaten. Americans will never forget. The nations of Europe will never forget. We are the fastest and the greatest community. There is nothing like our community of nations. The world has never known anything like our community of nations.

We write symphonies. We pursue innovation. We celebrate our ancient heroes, embrace our timeless traditions and customs, and always seek to explore and discover brand-new frontiers.

We reward brilliance. We strive for excellence, and cherish inspiring works of art that honor God. We treasure the rule of law and protect the right to free speech and free expression.

We empower women as pillars of our society and of our success. We put faith and family, not government and bureaucracy, at the center of our lives. And we debate everything. We challenge everything. We seek to know everything so that we can better know ourselves.

And above all, we value the dignity of every human life, protect the rights of every person, and share the hope of every soul to live in freedom. That is who we are. Those are the priceless ties that bind us together as nations, as allies, and as a civilization.

President Trump is, perhaps, the wrong person to defend family and faith, but the Poles, who are not having children, are the wrong people to cheer as well. Both are hypocritical. However, the words are defensible. They are aspirational and if clumsy at times, how are we “fastest,” they are good reminders. The paean to women’s rights and open debate was important.

What we have, what we inherited from our — and you know this better than anybody, and you see it today with this incredible group of people — what we’ve inherited from our ancestors has never existed to this extent before. And if we fail to preserve it, it will never, ever exist again. So we cannot fail.

This great community of nations has something else in common: In every one of them, it is the people, not the powerful, who have always formed the foundation of freedom and the cornerstone of our defense. The people have been that foundation here in Poland — as they were right here in Warsaw — and they were the foundation from the very, very beginning in America.

This reference to the “people” is standard American stuff but could be understood as alt-Right “folkish” talk, tied to race. I don’t see any good reason to do so, however. The poison of having Bannon around is that Bannonism is always possible in a speech such as this . . . even if that interpretation is underdetermined by the evidence.

Our citizens did not win freedom together, did not survive horrors together, did not face down evil together, only to lose our freedom to a lack of pride and confidence in our values. We did not and we will not. We will never back down.

As long as we know our history, we will know how to build our future. Americans know that a strong alliance of free, sovereign and independent nations is the best defense for our freedoms and for our interests. That is why my administration has demanded that all members of NATO finally meet their full and fair financial obligation.

As a result of this insistence, billions of dollars more have begun to pour into NATO. In fact, people are shocked. But billions and billions of dollars more are coming in from countries that, in my opinion, would not have been paying so quickly.

To those who would criticize our tough stance, I would point out that the United States has demonstrated not merely with words but with its actions that we stand firmly behind Article 5, the mutual defense commitment.

The President defends his tougher approach to NATO but also affirms support for Article 5. He had caused confusion about his views on this issue, so this is important.

Words are easy, but actions are what matters. And for its own protection — and you know this, everybody knows this, everybody has to know this — Europe must do more. Europe must demonstrate that it believes in its future by investing its money to secure that future.

That is why we applaud Poland for its decision to move forward this week on acquiring from the United States the battle-tested Patriot air and missile defense system — the best anywhere in the world. (Applause.) That is also why we salute the Polish people for being one of the NATO countries that has actually achieved the benchmark for investment in our common defense. Thank you. Thank you, Poland. I must tell you, the example you set is truly magnificent, and we applaud Poland. Thank you.

We have to remember that our defense is not just a commitment of money, it is a commitment of will. Because as the Polish experience reminds us, the defense of the West ultimately rests not only on means but also on the will of its people to prevail and be successful and get what you have to have. The fundamental question of our time is whether the West has the will to survive. Do we have the confidence in our values to defend them at any cost? Do we have enough respect for our citizens to protect our borders? Do we have the desire and the courage to preserve our civilization in the face of those who would subvert and destroy it?

We can have the largest economies and the most lethal weapons anywhere on Earth, but if we do not have strong families and strong values, then we will be weak and we will not survive. (Applause.) If anyone forgets the critical importance of these things, let them come to one country that never has. Let them come to Poland. And let them come here, to Warsaw, and learn the story of the Warsaw Uprising.

This is just standard Republican speech-making.

When they do, they should learn about Jerusalem Avenue. In August of 1944, Jerusalem Avenue was one of the main roads running east and west through this city, just as it is today.

Control of that road was crucially important to both sides in the battle for Warsaw. The German military wanted it as their most direct route to move troops and to form a very strong front. And for the Polish Home Army, the ability to pass north and south across that street was critical to keep the center of the city, and the Uprising itself, from being split apart and destroyed.

Every night, the Poles put up sandbags amid machine gun fire — and it was horrendous fire — to protect a narrow passage across Jerusalem Avenue. Every day, the enemy forces knocked them down again and again and again. Then the Poles dug a trench. Finally, they built a barricade. And the brave Polish fighters began to flow across Jerusalem Avenue. That narrow passageway, just a few feet wide, was the fragile link that kept the Uprising alive.

Between its walls, a constant stream of citizens and freedom fighters made their perilous, just perilous, sprints. They ran across that street, they ran through that street, they ran under that street — all to defend this city. “The far side was several yards away,” recalled one young Polish woman named Greta. That mortality and that life was so important to her. In fact, she said, “The mortally dangerous sector of the street was soaked in the blood. It was the blood of messengers, liaison girls, and couriers.”

Nazi snipers shot at anybody who crossed. Anybody who crossed, they were being shot at. Their soldiers burned every building on the street, and they used the Poles as human shields for their tanks in their effort to capture Jerusalem Avenue. The enemy never ceased its relentless assault on that small outpost of civilization. And the Poles never ceased its defense.

The Jerusalem Avenue passage required constant protection, repair, and reinforcement, but the will of its defenders did not waver, even in the face of death. And to the last days of the Uprising, the fragile crossing never, ever failed. It was never, ever forgotten. It was kept open by the Polish people.

The memories of those who perished in the Warsaw Uprising cry out across the decades, and few are clearer than the memories of those who died to build and defend the Jerusalem Avenue crossing. Those heroes remind us that the West was saved with the blood of patriots; that each generation must rise up and play their part in its defense and that every foot of ground, and every last inch of civilization, is worth defending with your life.

This is a reference to saving the West from Germans. Germany, a white folkish nation if there ever was one, was the enemy the Poles defeated. In context, this is opposite of alt-Right or fascism. The fascists made Poles lesser beings, cast them out of Europe. Here the President is putting these people Hitler despised in the role of saviour of the West against white Germans and Soviet Russians. 

Our own fight for the West does not begin on the battlefield — it begins with our minds, our wills, and our souls. Today, the ties that unite our civilization are no less vital, and demand no less defense, than that bare shred of land on which the hope of Poland once totally rested. Our freedom, our civilization, and our survival depend on these bonds of history, culture, and memory.

And today as ever, Poland is in our heart, and its people are in that fight. Just as Poland could not be broken, I declare today for the world to hear that the West will never, ever be broken. Our values will prevail. Our people will thrive. And our civilization will triumph.

So, together, let us all fight like the Poles — for family, for freedom, for country, and for God.

Thank you. God Bless You. God bless the Polish people. God bless our allies. And God bless the United States of America.

Thank you. God bless you. Thank you very much.

I think you could read this speech as saying alt-Right things, but that interpretation is forced. This is standard American presidential talk, including references to the West. Speeches like this were given by Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan. Whatever one thinks of the Trump Administration, this speech is not fascist, alt-Right, or a “by any means” cry for ethnic nationalism.

This post was edited by Rachel Motte.


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